What materials are used for masonry? Materials for masonry walls. Brick walls and their features
The purpose of the stone work - the construction of foundations, supporting and enclosing structures of buildings, decorative decoration.
Stone structures consist of separate stones connected in a single solution, upon solidification of which a monolithic mass is formed.
Masonry disadvantages - a large relative mass of structures, low labor productivity, high material costs, the inability to mechanize the masonry process.
Types of masonry, depending on the stones used:
brick - from clay and silicate solid and hollow bricks;
brick with facing - made of artificial and natural stones and blocks
small block - from natural (shells, porous tuffs) or artificial, concrete and ceramic stones, laid manually
Thesis - from natural processed stones of the correct form, stacked by hand or by crane;
-boot - from natural stones of irregular shape;
concrete concrete - from buta and concrete mix, usually in formwork.
Masonry elements:
Bricks and stones of regular shape are limited by six faces. The lower and upper ones are called beds, the two larger ones are called spoons, the two smaller ones are called pokes.
-Beds - stone surfaces, perceiving and transmitting efforts to the underlying layers of masonry
-Spoon - a stone laid with the long side along the wall.
-Type - stone laid short side along the wall. Stitches - the space between the stones in the longitudinal and transverse directions, filled with a solution.
-Versts - outer rows of bricks during masonry.
Exist outdoor and internal versts, filling between versts - back filling.
-Spoon row - laying method when the outer verst consists of spoons.
-Bug row - the outer versta is laid out from the bumps.
Masonry elements:
a - brick; b - stone: at - brickwork; 1 - poke; 2 - bed; 3 - spoons; 4 - external verst; 5 - inner verst; 6 - clog; 7 - spoon row: 8 - tychkovy row; 9 - horizontal seam (mortar bed); 10 - vertical longitudinal seam; 11- vertical transverse seam; 12 - external versts of masonry
There are a whole stone, a half, a three-quarter and a four.
The masonry is called to waste , if the external seams to a depth of 1 ... 1.5 cm are not filled with mortar, which leads to better bonding of the masonry and mortar during subsequent plastering.
The masonry is called for alignment , if the outer wall will have a natural look and the masonry joints are completely filled, giving them a different shape - convex, concave, triangular, rectangular, etc.
Undercut masonry is called if the mortar fills the joints flush with the outside of the wall.
Materials for masonry:
Artificial stone materials include ceramic and silicate bricks, solid and hollow, ceramic and silicate stones, hollow, and concrete and plaster wall stones.
Solid clay brick has dimensions 250 x 120 x 65 mm and modular (thickened) - 250 x 120 x 88 mm, brick weight 3.6 ... 5 kg. The density is 1.6-1.8 t / m 3, brick grades 75, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300, water absorption up to 8%. Brick is made by plastic pressing followed by firing. The main disadvantage is the high thermal conductivity.
Hollow, porous and perforated bricks with the same dimensions in terms of height 65, 88, 103 and 138 mm (1.25, 1.5 and 2 times higher than a solid brick), lower density - 1.35 ... 1.45 t / m 3. Marks of bricks - 75, 100 and 150. The use of this type of bricks can reduce the weight of wall products up to 30%.
Silicate brick used for walls with a relative humidity of not more than 75%, brick grades - 75, 100 and 150. Brick is produced by autoclaving.
Ceramic and silicate hollow stones They have dimensions: regular - 250 x 120 x 138 mm, enlarged - 250 x 250 x 138 mm and modular - 288 x 138 x 138 mm. The thickness of the stone corresponds to two bricks laid on the bed, taking into account the thickness of the seam between them. The surface of the stones is smooth and corrugated.
Concrete and gypsum wall stones let out solid and hollow. They are made of heavy, lightweight and lightweight concrete and gypsum concrete with dimensions of 400 x 200 x 200 mm, 400 x 200 x 90 mm and weighing up to 35 kg.
Hollow and silicate bricks cannot be used for laying walls below the waterproofing layer, for laying socles, walls of wet rooms.
Masonry mortars:
The solutions used for the device of stone structures are called masonry. The solutions bind individual stones into a single monolith, with their help level the bed of stones, as a result of which a uniform transfer of the effective force from one stone to another is ensured; the solution fills the gaps between the stones and prevents the penetration of air and water into the masonry. Thus, the solutions provide uniform transmission of effort, protect the masonry from blowing, water penetration, increase the frost resistance of buildings.
Classification of solutions by type of aggregates:
heavy or cold - solutions on quartz or natural sand from dense rocks with a density of more than 1500 kg / m 3;
-lungs or warm - solutions on slag, pumice or tuff sand, ashes of thermal power plants, blast furnace granular or fuel slags with a density of less than 1500 kg / m 3.
The grain size of sand for all types of mortar should not exceed 2.5 mm, the mobility of the mortar for masonry is 9 ... 13 cm. Plasticizing additives are widely used: organic - sulphite liquor and soap soap and inorganic - lime and clay.
Classification of solutions by type of binder:
cement solutions
-
used for structures below the surface of the earth, in heavily loaded pillars, piers, in reinforced masonry. Composition from 1: 2.5 to 1: 6, grade of solution from 100 to 300.
Minimum cement consumption per 1 m 3 of sand - for the underground part
buildings of at least 75 kg, for the aboveground part - 125 kg. Portland cement
and slag Portland cement is used only in solutions of high grades for critical structures, in reinforced masonry, a tab of underground structures, in soils saturated with water, or during winter masonry performed by freezing;
lime solutions Use in dry places and under light load. They have great mobility, plasticity, provide the greatest productivity. Compounds from 1: 4 to 1: 8 and grades 4, 10 and 25 are used;
-mixed or complex solutions - cement-lime and cement-clay composition from 1: 0.1: 3 to 1: 2: 15, grades of mortars 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100. Such mortars are used for the laying of most building structures. The second binder pushes the start of setting, improves workability and ductility, but significantly reduces the strength of the solution. In the volumetric dosage of mixed solutions, the first figure indicates the consumption of cement, the second - lime or clay dough, the third - sand.
24. Rules for cutting masonry:
Masonry made of separate bricks connected by a solution into a single whole should be a monolith in which the stacked stones would not be displaced under the influence of the loads acting on the masonry. The forces acting on the masonry are mainly opposed by stone (the solution is much less durable). Therefore, it is necessary for the stone to perceive only compressive forces and, basically, to bed. To prevent the displacement of stones, they are laid in compliance with certain conditions, called the rules for cutting masonry.
The first rule.Masonry is performed in flat rows perpendicular to the acting force, i.e., the rule sets the maximum allowable angle of inclination of the force acting on the horizontal row of masonry. The permissible vertical deviation of the force is not more than 15 ... 17 °, it depends on the friction force of the stone on the surface of the solution.
The second rule.Longitudinal and transverse vertical joints in the masonry should not be continuous through the height of the structure, the masonry will be divided into separate columns. The rule governs the location of the vertical planes of cutting masonry relative to the bed. In relation to the front surface of the wall, the seams should be perpendicular or parallel to it. Failure to do so may result in wedging of masonry rows.
The third rule.The vertical planes of the masonry of adjacent rows should be shifted, i.e., stones, not seams, should be located under each vertical seam of this row of masonry. The rule determines the relative position of the vertical longitudinal and transverse seams in adjacent rows of masonry. The stones of the overlying row must be laid on the underlying row so that they overlap the vertical seams between the stones in the longitudinal and transverse directions, the masonry should be done with dressing of the seams.
For the construction of walls using a variety of bricks, that is, it can be clay - red, silicate - white, chamotte - yellow.
According to the manufacturing method, the brick is solid, perforated and hollow.
Red brick
It is used in the construction of walls, internal partitions, pillars, foundations and furnaces. It has dimensions of 250 × 120x65 mm. It should not have burns and burns, when you hit it should make a clear, clear sound.
Silicate hollow and perforated brick
It is used when laying pillars, walls and internal partitions. Available in sizes of 250 x 120 mm - this is the length and width, and in thickness it is one and a half or double with voids. A single one weighs from 3.5 to 4 kg, one and a half - 5 kg, and a double - about 5.7 kg.
Fireclay brick
There are two types: refractory and refractory. Together with high-quality red brick, it is used in the manufacture of furnace work. Refractory has dimensions 250 x 123 X 65 mm, weight - 3.4 kg. Refractory, having the same dimensions, weighs 0.5 kg less.
All bricks used must be of good quality, i.e. not have cracks, chips, etc.
When preparing solutions, the following materials are used.
Crushed stone
The material obtained by grinding rocks. Represents pebbles from 10 to 80 mm in size.
Gravel
This is a natural material in the form of small pebbles. Rinse gravel well before use.
Sand
It is a filler in mortars and concrete. There are several types of sand: river and lake (clean), ravine and mountain (clogged).
Clay
It is used not only as a raw material in the manufacture of bricks, but also as a binder in solutions. Clays are fatty (requiring the addition of sand), medium and lean (no need to add sand).
Plaster of construction
It is used as an additive in the preparation of lime or clay solutions to accelerate hardening and increase strength.
Cement
It is the best binder that hardens not only in air but also in water. It has a very wide application in the mixing of building compounds and in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Portland cement, slag Portland cement, pozzo-lane Portland cement, plasticized Portland cement are distinguished by manufacturing technology and components. The most commonly used cement grades 400, 500, 600.
Quicklime
Several types of lime are used: dolomite, calcium, magnesia. All solutions with the addition of lime have received the widest distribution.
The solutions used in the construction of walls are distinguished by the type of binder. They are: cement, lime, gypsum, mixed. We will tell a little about what each solution represents.
Cement mortar
They are made of 1 part cement and 2-5 parts sand. But since sand significantly reduces the plasticity of the solution, it is better to take it a little less (for example, 2-3 parts).
Cement and sand are poured in layers into a container or mortar box and thoroughly mixed in dry form. Then pour in the required amount of water and again mix everything well.
Lime mortar
Prepared from 1 part of lime dough (lime is diluted in water to the density of the dough) and 3 parts of sand. How much sand to fill in the solution will show the percentage of fat content of lime.
Lime and clay solutions
They are made of 1 part clay, 0.3 parts of lime dough and 5 parts of sand. First you need to mix the lime and clay dough well, then pour sand into it gradually and mix again.
Cement-lime mortar
1 part of cement and b parts of sand are mixed in a container in a dry form, after which 2 parts of lime dough are added and thoroughly mixed.
Brick walls can be laid in one and a half bricks, and partitions in half-brick. They can be solid and hollow. If you want to save materials, you need to erect hollow walls, filling them inside with insulating fillers. Otherwise, massive walls should be laid.
During the laying process, it is necessary to monitor the dressing of the seams. The dressing system is a certain order of laying bricks relative to each other. There are dressings of transverse, longitudinal and vertical seams. Vertical seams are performed with a shift in half a brick.
The most widely used dressing systems are single-row (chain) and multi-row (spoon) masonry. Sometimes they use a three-row one.
When performing a single-row dressing, spoon-shaped, i.e., rows laid along the wall must be alternated with poke ones (bricks are placed across the wall).
When multi-row dressing, the masonry is a separate wall with a thickness of 1/4 brick, laid out in spoon rows, which are tied with tychkovyh through several rows in height.
With a multi-row system, there is no ligation of longitudinal joints at the height of five rows of masonry. However, this does not reduce the strength of the wall at all. At the same time, due to the high thermal resistance of the joints, which are located in the direction of the heat flux, the thermal coefficient improves. The most time-consuming operation is the laying of external and internal versts.
How much brick will be laid in the structure depends on the ratio of its number in versts and heap, i.e., again, on the masonry dressing system.
The bricklaying process consists of several work steps that are performed in a specific order, for example: vcTaHOBKa orders, pulling mooring cords, feeding and laying out bricks on a wall, mixing mortar in containers, supplying mortar to the wall and laying it under an external mile, laying outer versta, spreading the solution under the inner versta, laying the inner versta, spreading the solution under the rubble, laying the rubble, checking the correctness of the laid out row.
Fig. 1. Tools for working with the solution: a - trowel; b - mortar scapula
The order of laying versts may be different. It depends on the system of labor organization and the dressing used. In addition, you have to do jointing, crush and chop bricks. Each stage of work requires the use of a specific tool. For example, to feed the wall and level the mortar, to trim the excess that protrudes between the seams, use a trowel and mortar blade (Fig. 1). The trowel is a small smooth flat spatula mounted on a wooden handle. It is leveled and the excess solution in the seams is removed. Mortar blade is a medium-sized scoop on a long wooden handle. Designed for mixing the solution in the box and feeding it to the wall.
To give the seams the desired shape, they use stitches, the dimensions and cross-sectional profile of which must be made in accordance with the given shape and thickness of the seams. Stitchings are available for convex and concave seams (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Stitching for convex and concave seams
In order to trim a brick to a predetermined shape or cut off a half, a pickaxe is used, in which one pickaxe is square (they are upset and knocked down bricks during masonry), and the other is pointed (they chop and trim the stones) (Fig. 3).
When checking the verticality of walls, poles, corners and quality of masonry, use a plumb line and a square (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Pickaxe
In addition, to control the vertical and horizontal masonry use the building level, or spirit level. It is a wooden or aluminum block in which a glass tube containing an air bubble is soldered. By its deviation and position, they determine the correctness of the laying of bricks.
Fig. 4. Instrumentation: a - plumb; b - square
You can check the evenness of the surface by the rule - a wooden molded ruler with a length of about 2 m.
They are used in the manufacture of stone work, including masonry, and other devices and tools. Let's talk about some of them.
Ordering is a wooden rail of different sections (for example, 50 X 50 or 70 X 50 mm) up to 2 m long. Risks (notches) are applied to it every 77 mm. 77 mm is the sum of the numbers that make up the thickness of the seam (12 mm) and the height of the brick (65 mm). They are used for marking rows of masonry, for marking the bottom and top of window and doorways and other structures. The order is fixed using a steel bracket with a transverse bar on the outside of the wall * scale inside the building.
A mooring cord is a twine or rope 3-5 mm thick. It is pulled between orders and lighthouses and used as a guide when determining the straightness and horizontalness of masonry. Using this cord, you can determine the position of any brick in the masonry.
When erecting a wall, a brick can, of course, be decomposed anywhere and anytime. But it’s best to do it by the rules. Then it will be convenient to work, and the work will argue. This is done as follows. For spoon rows, bricks are laid out at a slight angle to the wall or parallel to it, and for stitch rows, perpendicular to the wall axis. To perform the external milestone, the bricks are laid out on the inside of the wall, and vice versa. But at the same time, it is impossible to occupy bricks in a place intended for a bed for a mile or a half.
The layout of the brick on the wall must be done by stepping back about 50 cm from the last brick laid; This leaves room for a solution. During this operation, it is necessary to ensure that the bricks are turned to the outside with that end on which there are no defects.
Spreading and leveling the solution on the wall also has its own characteristics. Most importantly, its layer should be the same, uniform in thickness. The density and compression in the masonry, and hence the quality of the masonry, depends on this.
When performing spoon rows, the solution is spread out by a bed with a width of 90, and tychkovyh - 200-220 mm.
The thickness of such beds on average should not exceed 25 mm.
But the quality of the brickwork depends not only on how correctly the mortar was spread, but also on the properties of the mortar itself.
Lime or mixed (cement-lime, cement-clay) are easily leveled and well compacted. Cement, on the other hand, has low plasticity, it is more difficult to work with them, and therefore plasticizers are introduced into their composition. Such solutions exfoliate more slowly and lose water more weakly, because of this their hardening occurs in normal times.
Before applying the solution to the wall, it must be mixed in a container, because heavy particles settle to the bottom and the composition becomes watery.
Masonry is usually done in three ways: tight, close and tight with the undercut of the mortar. These three methods are used when laying versts. Zabotki laid out in a half-wry way.
Which of the proposed options to apply will depend on several factors, namely: on the state of the brick (dry or wet), the season, the plasticity of the mortar, on whether the front side will be faced or not.
The first method (clamp) erect brick walls on a hard mortar using jointing. But this option is considered the most time-consuming, because it requires a large number of movements.
The method is applied end-to-end when using plastic solutions with partial filling of joints. In this case, the solution is spread out in the form of beds with an indent of 20-30 mm. This is done so that the excess solution is not extruded onto the front side of the masonry.
The third method is used when laying walls with 100% filling and jointing. Excess mortar squeezed onto the front side is cut with a trowel, as in the case of masonry pressing.
Clogging is done halfway, i.e., first the solution is spread between the outer and inner versts, then it is leveled and the brick is laid into clogs.
When applying any dressing system, when masonry of walls, pillars, laps, etc., is carried out, it starts and always ends with a jab next to it.
There are several types of masonry: decent, step, mixed.
Simple and at the same time having great labor costs is an orderly way of laying bricks. Each next row begins only after the versts and remnants of the previous have been laid. This method is used, as a rule, with a single-row dressing system. But you can simplify it a bit. To do this, after laying the bonded bricks of the outer verst, lay the spoonfuls of the 2nd row of the outer verst, after that - the inner versts and the rubble. If you follow this order of work, then you will have less to switch from external to internal versts, which means that labor intensity will decrease.
In multi-row dressing of masonry, as a rule, a stepwise method is used. Its peculiarity is that at first they place a tych verst of the 1st row and already on it are the outer spoon versts from the 2nd to the 6th row. After this, an inner tympanic verst is performed and then 5 rows of the inner verst and zabut are ordered, i.e., the height of the step will be six rows.
Stone structures are erected from natural and artificial stones, laying them on a mortar in compliance with certain rules. Natural stones are used in the form of torn rubble stone, hewn rubble stone, limestone, sawn stones made of limestone, pumice, tuff, limestone. Artificial - clay brick (ceramic): solid, hollow, porous, porous-hollow, finishing; silicate brick; ceramic blocks, light concrete blocks.
Any stone of regular shape has six planes, the largest of which (reference) when laying the stone flat called the bedlong side faces - spoonsand short ones poking.
Masonry solutions differ from each other by the used binder, aggregate, strength.
Depending on the binder used, masonry mortars can be simple (cement or lime), complex (cement-lime, cement-clay), and depending on the aggregate - warm (on light aggregates) or cold (on heavy aggregates). The strength of the solution is divided into grades 4, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200.
Masonry mortars should be not only durable, but also sufficiently technological, that is, they should allow them to be laid on the base with a thin uniform layer. For this, the solution should not contain inclusions exceeding the thickness of the seam in size and have sufficient workability, which is significantly increased by the introduction of plasticizers into the solution. As plasticizers, finely dispersed mineral additives (lime, clay, active mineral additives) or organic surfactants, including superplasticizers, are used.
In addition to plasticizers, other additives can be introduced into the composition of masonry mortars to modify its properties. For example, antifreeze additives (sodium chloride, potash, calcium nitrite-nitrate) can lower the freezing point, and hardening can be accelerated by adding additives to the solution of hardening accelerators.
Of great importance for the quality of the masonry mortar is the particle size distribution of the aggregates. Sand should not contain particles larger than 5 mm.
When erecting stone structures, steel reinforcement and parts for fastening partitions are also used.
Purpose of masonry mortar: bonding stones, redistribution of loads, ensuring the density of masonry.
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Installation of building structures is a complex mechanized process of assembly assembly of buildings and structures from elements and structural units of factory manufacture. It consists of prepare
Structural Transportation
Building structures can be transported by all known modes of transport, including air. The choice of mode of transport is determined by many circumstances: the presence of highways, ha
Structural Warehousing
Prefabricated warehouses, depending on the accepted installation organization and scope of work, can be central and on-site. Central warehouses are arranged in case of significant remoteness
Enlarge assembly
Most often, metal structures are subjected to enlargement assembly, because this process is quite simple, and the transportation of such structures in disassembled form, in the form of individual elements (sending
Mounting methods for prefabricated buildings
Installation methods are fundamental decisions that determine the technological sequence of installation work in the construction of buildings and structures and aimed at achieving the most appropriate
Methods of mounting structures
Installation methods, in contrast to methods, determine more narrow technological tasks associated with the installation of individual structures. By the method of bringing structures to the design position
Mounting accessories and tools
The process of installing structures in the design position, regardless of the installation methods and methods, consists of slinging (grabbing), lifting to the design position, temporary fastening in the design
A device for fixing the conductor on a previously mounted column,
5 - overlap, 6 - frame, 7 - device for moving the column relative to the horizontal axes. Conductors (Fig. 8.16) for the installation of beams and trusses are metal
The choice of installation method.
The choice of installation method for a one-story industrial building is dictated by its structural scheme, the necessary sequence of commissioning of individual parts of the building for installation of technological equipment,
The choice of mounting methods for individual structures.
How to mount some of the most common designs. Prefabricated foundations. After checking the level marks of the bottom of the pits under the foundations, the marking of the axes on the wire is checked, pulling
Installation of high-rise buildings
8.8.1. A multi-story industrial building is most often mounted using the mixed method, placing tower, tower-jib or self-propelled jib cranes on one side of the building. Such
Selection of mounting cranes
Mounting cranes are selected for technical and economic indicators. When choosing a crane for technical indicators, the initial data are: * dimensions and space-planning decisions
Work volume calculation
The volume of work is calculated mainly to determine the complexity in units of measurement adopted in regulatory documents. The norm of time is given for one detail. For some parts - depending on m
Self Test Questions
1. Structural schemes of prefabricated buildings. 2. The main nomenclature of constructions of prefabricated buildings. 3. Joints - purpose and design. 4. The composition of the complex of works at mo
Carpentry and joinery
Before reaching the construction site as building structures, wood goes through several stages of processing: logging, sawmilling, woodworking. Logging site
Wood-based building materials
The main wood-based building materials include round timber, lumber, glued products and structures, chipboard, wood-cement and fiberboard, arbol
Methods of joining wooden elements
The following methods of joining wooden elements are distinguished: rallying (joining with side faces to form a common plane), splicing (joining a line
Production and installation of wooden structures
A variety of equipment and tools are used for wood processing. At woodworking enterprises, they use machines for cutting boards, beams, boards, tiled materials, planer
Installation of walls of wooden houses.
Wooden log houses are assembled on a prepared and verified foundation. Before installation, a horizontal waterproofing is arranged on the foundation - 2-3 layers of glue are glued on the mastic
Installation of carpentry in stone buildings
Joinery comes in sets in containers during the construction of the building. A set of products is determined by the layout of the premises. The weight of the loaded container should be agreed with the cargo
II - the central insulating layer;
III - inner vapor barrier layer The design and materials of the inner layer must ensure reliable isolation of the materials of the central layer from the air
ROOFING
The roof is the top element of the roof (cover), directly exposed to external influences, and therefore must be waterproof, waterproof, heat-resistant, have a high
Wooden roofs
Wood for roofing, although rare, is used in the form of shingles, wood chips, tez, shingles. When installing wooden roofs from wood chips or tattered, each element is nailed to the lath
Tiled roofs
Roofs from tiles are laid on a wooden crate of bars. Tile tiles are laid in horizontal rows, starting with the gable overhang of the lower edge of the roof. With slopes of more than 50% of the tile n
Roofs made of flat and corrugated sheets
Among the roofing coatings from piece materials, the most widespread are roofs made of corrugated and flat asbestos-cement sheets. Without going into polemics about environmental unreliability
Metal roofs
When installing steel roofs, the sheets are laid on the crate with a pitch of 21 cm (along the axes). Planks 12-25 cm wide are laid under the lower and upper edges of the sheets. A continuous flooring of boards is laid on a carn
Rolled Roofs
Rolled roofs are laid on a leveled and dried base. The base for the roll roof should be a solid, smooth, dry, hard surface. Depends on the state of the base
Mastic roofs
To a greater extent than rolled roofs are mechanized with their installation, mastic roofs. In this regard, they, as a rule, turn out to be somewhat cheaper than rolled ones. Mastic roofs are arm
INSULATION WORKS
When talking about insulation works, they usually mean work performed to protect structures and rooms from moisture - waterproofing work, from higher and lower
Waterproofing works
There are two ways to protect buildings, structures and premises from moisture penetration. The first includes methods associated with the constant drainage of water from the building - drainage device, silicate
Thermal insulation work
Thermal insulation design consists of insulating, protective layers and fasteners. As insulating materials with low thermal conductivity are used - asbestos, mineral and glass watts
Soundproofing
Protection of premises from noise is provided at the design stage by their correct calculation, as well as high-quality construction. Their sufficient massiveness, careful termination of all joints and
The device anti-corrosion protective coatings.
The anticorrosive protective coating is chosen taking into account the chemical composition of the aggressive medium and its condition (liquid, gaseous, dry or with the formation of condensate, etc.), the degree of mechanical moisture
Self Test Questions
1. Why is hard waterproofing called "hard"? 2. What is the difference between waterproofing cement and sand plaster from ordinary? 3. What is "hydrophobization"? 4. How much
Materials for translucent fencing
In the construction and repair of buildings, ordinary, thickened, reinforced and mirror glass, as well as glass blocks, fiberglass and transparent plastics, are used to fill translucent openings.
Translucent Fencing Technology
The coatings of pavilions, kiosks and other small structures are often made of fiberglass, produced in the form of wavy colorless and painted in various colors sheets. Fiberglass
Types of plaster
Plaster is used to create smooth, smooth or specially treated surfaces of structural elements of buildings and structures (external and internal walls, partitions, ceilings, columns and
Tools and gears
Plaster mortars are prepared mainly mechanized in stationary mortar mixers in factories and mobile - in construction sites. They are used to work directly with the builder.
Manufacturing jobs
The process of plastering surfaces consists of the following operations: preparing the surface for plastering, hanging surfaces, lighthouses, spraying and priming, cutting angle
Painting works.
By painting include work on surface finishing with paint compositions, in other words, painting surfaces. Painting work in the normative assessment of their value traditionally refers to
Preparatory work.
The composition of the preparatory work depends on the type and condition of the surface to be painted, as well as on the type of painting. Surfaces cleaned of dirt, dust, stains, drips of mortar, etc. Manually over
Primed surfaces.
The primer is applied to even out the porosity of the surfaces to be trimmed and to create conditions for high adhesion of the finishing layers. Primed surfaces are performed before partial greasing, each
Putty.
Putty (putty) is performed to eliminate bumps on surfaces prepared for painting. For improved high-quality painting, one-layer or two-layer continuous puttying is carried out.
Coloring.
Coloring with aqueous compounds is performed mechanically or manually. When painting surfaces with lime compounds, adhesive tinting with a small amount of glue and silicate paints when
Materials for painting work.
Painting compositions, depending on the type of binder (base) are divided into aqueous and non-aqueous. In addition to a solution, emulsion or suspension of a binder (film-forming) substance in a paint composition
LECTURE. Facing work.
Under the facing work understand the surface finish of the walls and other structural elements of the building with various plate materials. Sometimes the decorative functions of the facing cladding
Materials for facing
For facing use natural and artificial materials. Natural facing materials include slabs made of granite, syenite, diorite, marble, limestone, sandstone, shell rock. Pri
Facing with ceramic, glass and glazed tiles
There are preparatory and basic facing works. Preparatory include sorting and selection of facing materials by size and color, and preparing the surface for facing.
Facing surfaces with sheet materials
Plasterboard sheets are lined with the walls of rooms in which during operation the relative humidity does not exceed 50%. The humidity of the sheets themselves during the lining process should not be
Siding surface finishing
Siding has found application in the exterior decoration of buildings, mainly cottage type. Cold rolled steel up to 0.5 mm thick is used as the starting material. After rolling the steel sheet under
Dropped ceilings
Finished architectural look to the interior of the room can give the device of false ceilings from acoustic and decorative plates. Between the suspended ceilings and the ceiling you can place an electric
Mortgage anchor; 8 - run from the corner;
9 - ceiling plate blocked; 10 - a bolt with a nut for regulating the installation of the suspension frame; 11-way pad 12 - Clamp Facing
Materials for the production of works.
According to operational characteristics, paper wallpapers are divided into ordinary, moisture-proof and sound-absorbing ones. Plain wallpapers are printed and embossed, primed and unprimed. In terms of quality
Production of wallpaper.
In the premises where wallpapering is provided, all work should be completed, except for the second painting of carpentry (plank floors) and parquet flooring. Pasting surfaces
FLOOR DEVICE
Subfloor floors are: concrete preparation, brick columns or cement screed. Boardwalks are laid out from a floor beam, which is made from thick boards
Excavation
An expert assessment suggests that 15-18% of earthworks in Russia are carried out when the soil is frozen in winter conditions, so it makes direct sense to dwell on the design features
Pile work
Complications associated with the immersion of piles in frozen soil are of the same nature as in earthworks. Therefore, methods for overcoming these difficulties are similar. Of course it is possible,
Masonry
The troubles associated with masonry maintenance at temperatures below 0 ° C are caused by the fact that masonry mortars freeze and harden. True, a frozen solution also has an increased strength
Concrete works
Concrete work at an average daily outdoor temperature below + 5 ° C must be carried out according to special rules. In winter conditions, the main task is to prevent premature
Installation work
The production of works on the installation of structures in winter differs little from the production of works in the summer, with the exception of sealing joints and joints and preparing structures for installation. In winter conditions
Roofing
Work in the construction of wooden, metal, tile and asbestos-cement roofs in the winter does not differ from the work in the summer. Specific requirements related to
Facing work
In winter, indoor work is no different from cladding at other times of the year. When performing work, it is necessary to maintain the air temperature at the outer wall at least 10 ° C, and
Plastering work
When performing plastering work indoors in winter, the primaries of the work are no different from plastering in the summer. Performing work, it is necessary to maintain pace indoors
Painting works
In the room where they carry out painting work in the winter, they maintain a positive temperature (not lower than + 8 ° C) and relative humidity not higher than 70%. Waterborne paint formulations are prepared in heated
Wallpaper and glass works
In winter, wallpaper work is carried out in a glazed room at a surface temperature of at least + 5 ° C. Be sure to heat the glue to + 2- + 3 ° C. Towels are prepared in heated rooms.
Especially made of solid brick, in terms of its thermal protection properties it is inferior to structures made of other materials. At an ambient temperature of -30 °, typical for most regions of Central Russia, the outer wall of solid brick should be 64 cm thick, which is 2.5 bricks. A wall made of wood structures under such conditions can have a thickness of about 20 cm.
Brick is the most common building material. Brick is a strong and durable material that has good insulating properties.
To reduce the consumption of material and reduce the load on the foundation of the structure, the external wall structures are laid out from hollow bricks (slotted, perforated). Brickwork with an air gap, the equipment of voids, widened seams, and wells is also used. The cavities of the interlayers are filled with effective heaters, and warm plaster and are used.
Brick has high strength properties and a long service life. A continuous masonry of this material with a thickness of 25 cm withstands a significant evenly distributed load.
Therefore, to erect solid brick walls thicker than 38 cm is not economically feasible.
Economical wall construction
Wall masonry with an air gap (A) and stove insulation (B): 1 - an air gap; 2 - bandaging with pokes; 3 - plate insulation.
A more economical consumption of material has a masonry with a closed air gap. It consists of an external wall in half a brick, an air gap of 5-7 cm wide and an internal wall of one or. The walls are tied with a jagged row along the length every 4-5 rows or with reinforcement in increments of 50 cm. For more durable adhesion to the mortar, 5 cm are left between the ends and the outer surfaces of the walls.
Material consumption with such a constructive solution is reduced by 15-20%. To prevent air infiltration through the cavity in such cases, external plastering is required.
If the masonry with the air gap is filled with foam, the thermal conductivity of the structure is reduced by 2 times. Using mineral felt as a heat insulator, the heat-shielding properties of the wall can be increased by 20-30%. Warm masonry mortars with the inclusion of small aggregates of expanded clay, slag, perlite, etc. improve the thermal efficiency of the outer walls by 10-15%.
The most common wall construction with lightweight masonry. When using it, material consumption is significantly reduced. It is actually built from 2 independent walls, which are connected by horizontal and vertical bridges, forming closed cavities (wells). Cross lintels are made every 3 bricks in length. Expanded clay, slag, lightweight concrete, etc. are used as backfill. At the end, lay 3-4 solid rows, placing reinforcement under them.
Lightweight brickwork with horizontal diaphragms. In this case, parallel walls with a heater between them are connected with horizontal poking rows every 5 rows of masonry. Dash rows are sometimes replaced with reinforcing rods with a diameter of 6 mm, which are laid every 50 cm in length. This structure reduces material consumption by 25-30%. For insulation use the same heat insulators as in well masonry.
Brickwork with horizontal diaphragms: a - with brick diaphragms; b, c - with reinforced mortar diaphragms; 1 - filling; 2 - reinforcing steel; 3 - solution.
Lightweight masonry with a plate heat insulator. A wall with this design has a lining made of plate insulation materials (wood concrete, drywall, foam concrete, fiberboard, etc.). This leaves an air gap (2-4 cm). Plate heat insulators are mounted on antiseptic wooden slats. The latter, in turn, are nailed to traffic jams embedded in the structure. The plates are glued on the outside with aluminum foil. Foil improves air tightness and thermal insulation. Walls insulated with board materials must be plastered from the outside.
Thermal insulation complying with the standards (for an external temperature of -30 °) is ensured with a wall thickness of one and a half bricks and an insulation thickness of 80 mm. When using hollow analogues, the wall is laid out in one brick.
Bearing internal walls, on which slabs or floor beams rest, are laid out from solid brick. The thickness of the walls should be at least 25 cm. Partitions should be erected with a thickness of 12 cm or 6.5 cm when laying “on the edge”. The columns should have a cross section of 38 cm and, under heavy loads, be reinforced with a wire mesh of 4-6 mm diameter through 4-5 horizontal rows.
Calculation of bricks for building a house
Before starting the construction of the facility, it is necessary to calculate the amount of material required for the construction of the building. It is better to purchase immediately the entire volume of material from a trusted manufacturer. In this case, the brick will belong to one batch produced and during construction no differences in shade and other qualities will be revealed.
The first parameter taken into account in the calculation is the planned wall thickness of the building. It can be 1, 2 or 2.5 bricks. By multiplying the length and height of each wall and summing these values, the total area of \u200b\u200bthe wall structures is calculated. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe door and window openings is subtracted from it. When erecting internal walls from the same material, their area calculated in the same way is added to the resulting amount.
Next, the dimensions of the brick itself are taken into account (single, one and a half, double). The size of the standard single is 250x120x65 mm. Given these values, its quantity is determined for the construction of 1m 2 of the wall. Multiplying the result by the total area, we get the required amount of material for the object. To this figure should be added the possible percentage of marriage, battle during transportation and installation. It can be 5-7%.
Calculation of the consumption of solution components
During the construction of the building, two types are used: cement and lime. Cement is added to the lime mixture in a ratio of 1: 5 or 1: 3, depending on its brand.
To obtain 1 m 3 of the solution, on average, 8 bags of cement of 50 kg each are needed. Cement is mixed with sand in a ratio of 1: 4. If other components are added, this ratio changes to 1: 9. For 1 m 3 of masonry, 0.25-0.3 m 3 of the solution is necessary. It should be noted that for the construction of self-supporting walls, lower grades of cement are used.
For each type of brick, the plasticity of the solution is selected individually. When constructing masonry from a hollow material on a mobile solution, its consumption will be unreasonably increased. Working with a thicker mixture is less convenient and takes longer. Considering how much sand should be in the mixture for sufficient strength, the necessary mobility is achieved by the addition of plasticizers.
A couple of hours after the kneading, the solution will no longer be suitable for work. A portion of one batch should be calculated as accurately as possible, given that it takes about 2 minutes to lay one brick.
In advance, the components of the mortar mixture and other consumables, you can avoid additional financial costs during the construction of the building. But for the sake of saving, you should not buy cheap building materials of doubtful quality, underestimate the brand of brick and cement, and also ignore the use of auxiliary materials: reinforcing mesh, embedded parts, mortar additives, etc.
Brickwork is a construction made of bricks laid in a specific order and fastened together by a mortar. Masonry can be made of both ceramic and silicate bricks. Silicate brick has a higher thermal conductivity and hygroscopicity. In addition, there are solid and hollow bricks. The hollow has through or closed cavities, which reduces its thermal conductivity and the weight of structures made from it. Bricks vary in size. The most common is ordinary brick (single), its dimensions are 250x120x65 mm, and modular brick (thickened) is 250x120x88 mm.
When laying walls thick to bricki.e. 250 mm outwards will be facing as spoonso bonded parts of bricks (see fig. 1). The thickness of the brick walls can be in half a brick (the spoon is facing out), and a quarter brick (outward facing the bed), which reduces material consumption and loss of area.
For example, with a length of 4 meters, the difference in the loss of floor space with walls built in brick and half-brick reaches almost 1 square meter. m, and with walls made of brick and a quarter of brick - more than 1.5 square meters. m
Building mixture
For bonding bricks to each other building mixture. Usually this is a solution prepared from a mixture of cement and sand (sand must be sieved carefully). The greater the proportion of cement in the solution, the less flexible it is (mobile).
Compared with calcareous or mixed cement-lime and cement-clay mortars, cement mortar is less mobile. The use of a highly plastic mortar when performing masonry from hollow bricks is uneconomical, since the solution flows into the voids present in the brick body. However, the less mobile the solution, the more difficult it is to spread and level it.
Mortar mobility for masonry is determined by immersion in it special reference cone (by 7-14 cm of cone precipitation). When laying hollow brick mortar is used with a mobility of not more than 7-8 cm of cone precipitation.
When laying full body brick in hot weather, the mobility of the mortar should be brought to 12-14 cm of sediment cone. Before use, the solution must be thoroughly mixed, since over time, heavy particles settle, the solution delaminates and becomes heterogeneous.
Suture dressing
In order to give the brickwork strength and solidity, a system is used dressings - a certain order of laying bricks relative to each other. Bandages of vertical, longitudinal and transverse seams are distinguished.
Bandaging of longitudinal seams necessary to prevent vertical "delamination" of the wall and for a more even distribution of loads along the length of the wall. Cross-dressing performed to create a longitudinal bond between the bricks. In addition, transverse dressing serves to distribute the load throughout the thickness of the brickwork.
The most common dressing systems are single row (chain) and multirow. Single-row dressing is characterized by the alternation of spoon and poke rows of brickwork.
In this case, the transverse seams in adjacent rows are shifted by a quarter of a brick relative to each other, and longitudinal - by half a brick. The vertical seams of the underlying row are overlapped with bricks of the upper row. In multi-row dressing of masonry, stitch rows are placed through several spoon rows.
There are restrictions on the number of spoon rows between yoke rows depending on the thickness of the brick. For masonry from a single brick (65 mm) - one bonded row on six rows of brickwork. For masonry made of thickened brick (88 mm) - one bonded row for five rows of masonry.
At the same time, vertical seams in four spoon rows are overlapped with spoons of adjacent rows on a half brick, and the seams of the upper row are overlapped with pins of the sixth row by a quarter of brick. This brickwork is called five-row. However, such dressing is possible only with a wall thickness of not less than a brick.
If the brickwork is half or a quarter of the brick, it must be reinforced. To do this, use a metal mesh or reinforcing wire, which are laid in seams through 4-6 rows.
Instruments
The main tools used in the maintenance of brickwork, -., pickaxe and. Trowel - a steel spatula with a wooden handle. It is used to level the mortar, fill it with vertical seams of masonry and trim the excess mortar.
If there is a need to chop an entire brick into pieces, use a pickaxe. Stitching of various types are used to perform operations of the same name.
To control the quality of the brickwork plumb, the rule, , mooring and order . serves to check the verticality of the brickwork. The level is used to control the horizontal position of the brickwork.
Using the rule (smooth wooden slats 1.2–2 meters long), the front surface of the brickwork is controlled. A mooring cord is a twisted cord (with a diameter of 3 mm), which is stretched between orders. It is used to ensure the straightness and horizontalness of the rows of masonry, as well as to control the thickness of horizontal joints.
Ordering - these are two wooden or metal battens, on which serifs are made after 77 mm (for a single brick). This distance consists of the thickness of the brick (65 mm) and the thickness of the seam (12 mm).
The order is applied for marking the rows of masonry, and in the presence of openings - to determine their dimensions. On masonry, the order is fixed with special steel brackets with a transverse bar.
Masonry order
For high-quality performance of masonry, it is necessary to pay special attention to the uniform distribution of the solution on the bed. The density and strength of the seam depends on the proper spreading of the solution. By doing spoon row the solution is spread with a layer (bed) of a width of 80-100 mm, for tychkovy - 200–220 mm. The thickness of the beds should be 15–20 mm, which ensures a joint thickness of 10–12 mm.
Before masonry, the bricks are soaked for some time in water, since dry brick takes water from the solution, which leads to a decrease in the strength of the brickwork.
Masonry methods
There are several ways to maintain brickwork. The main ones are tight and close. They are determined by the degree of plasticity of the solution.
Way squeeze suitable for masonry using hard mortar (7–9 cm cone precipitation) with full filling and subsequent jointing. In this case, the mortar is spaced 10-15 mm indent from the front surface of the wall and then leveled with a trowel in the direction from the previously laid brick with the goal of preparing a mortar bed for several bricks. After that, with the edge of the trowel, part of the solution is picked up to the previously laid brick and pressed to its vertical face.
Another brick is lowered onto the bed and pressed against the trowel canvas. After this, the trowel is sharply removed, and the solution is fixed between the vertical faces of the bricks (see fig. 6). Next, the brick settles on the bed, and the excess solution is cut with a trowel. The result is solid masonry with complete filling of the joints.
Way back to back it is used when laying on a moving mortar (12–13 cm of cone precipitation) with incomplete filling of joints on the front side of the wall, that is, in a blanket. In this case, the mortar is buried directly from the bed with the brick face, starting at a distance of 8-12 cm from the previously laid brick (see fig. 7).
The brick is pressed to the bed, and part of the solution removed from it fills the vertical seam. Next, the brick settles on the bed. In this case, the solution is spread with an indent of 20-30 mm from the front of the wall and is not squeezed out during masonry.
Way back to back is a combination of the two brickwork methods described above. In this case, the wall is obtained with a complete filling of the seams. The solution spreads out the same way as when laying, but the laying itself is done end-to-end. The mobility of the solution necessary for this is 10–12 cm of cone precipitation. The most time-consuming is masonry close, the least - end-to-end. The end-to-end method with trimming in complexity is between them.
Masonry seams
After laying a certain number of rows, but before the solution dries, it is made jointing. This is necessary to give the surface of the brickwork a clear pattern and seal the mortar in the seams of the brickwork. For such operations, extensions with a working part of various configurations are used. This results in a rectangular recessed, convex, concave, triangular two-shear and other forms of brickwork seams (see fig. 8).
After the end of the laying and jointing, the brick wall can be additionally lined. The simplest option for such a cladding is plaster coating followed by priming and painting. In addition, it is possible to use various decorative finishing materials.