What should be the thickness of the internal load-bearing wall. Alternating methods during masonry and the size of the seams. What wall thickness is the most economically feasible
How thick should a brick wall be?
Bricks for building buildings have been used for hundreds of years. And even despite the abundance of other materials, it does not lose its relevance among consumers to this day. And all thanks to the strength that is inherent in this material - in the course of further operation, the wall will be able to withstand almost any load in the form of a roof, floors and floors. And it is precisely the thickness of the walls of the brick house that mainly affects the load-bearing capacity of the entire structure as a whole.
Flying doors - they close rooms in public buildings. They are single-winged, two-winged and always glazed. Their wings are attached to the rack and safe. The hinges have special springs that return the door to the middle position. Where two wings meet, the friezes are rounded. Windows and windows: the size of the windows depends on the purpose of the room. Relations also depend on the climatic characteristics of the country. Windows are installed 90 cm from the floor. It also determines the height of the windows, which may have an upper limit, the highest point in the room is the ceiling.
Brick, in comparison with some other materials, has a number of undeniable advantages. These include: a rather low heat conductivity, frost resistance, bending and deformation strength, durability, sound insulation. But all these properties can be lost if the brick wall does not have the width that is required for specific conditions.
Depending on the location of the glazed panels, the windows are divided into single and double glazing. In the end, unicants are replaced by adhesives that have better insulating properties and require less courage. The windows of temporary buildings - warehouses, shop windows, some plant buildings - are made one-sided. For all other buildings, the windows are doubled. The number of wings of single-leaf windows: one, two, three, four-bladed, window winds, flower beds, balcony windows, French windows, etc. according to the method of opening the windows are divided into: ordinary with hinges and sliding single-sided windows: they are usually made without a frame, they open inward.
Consider how thick a brick wall should be according to established standards.
Standard masonry thicknesses
Whatever type of brick is used to erect the structure, determining the wall thickness is quite simple. According to established standards, this parameter should be a multiple of half its length, i.e. 12 cm
A shelter window opens for the chalet. Double-sided windows: they are necessarily made of coniferous wooden frame. At the bottom of the outer wings are cloaks. Glued windows: glued wings are connected to fasteners, which, if necessary, provide separation of the two parts.
The production of doors and windows in our country and in all developed countries is carried out in accordance with established state standards. Walls surround and form separate rooms in the building. In most cases, they have a constructive role - they assume and transfer loads from the floor and roof structures to the soil, provide heat and sound insulation, protect the premises from atmospheric influences. They are made of materials resistant to various loads and weather conditions.
But the brick blocks produced today in factories can be of different sizes. In addition, builders, working with the material, apply various masonry schemes. This means that the walls will eventually vary in width. Here is a table showing the thickness of the brick wall according to SNIP II-22-81, depending on the number of bricks used and the type of masonry:
Depending on their role in the building - whether they serve only as barriers or have a constructive purpose - the walls are divided into load-bearing or load-bearing walls. Walls that are not load-bearing are so large that they can only accept their own weight. They are made of lightweight materials that provide the necessary heat and sound insulation. In the case of a low-rise building, part of the walls take on its own weight and payloads, which can be fixed or variable machines, people, furniture.
They are called carriers and are designed by a design engineer. Classification of masonry: depending on the materials used, they are made of artificial stones and natural stones. Mixed masonry is also used in practice. Masons of artificial stones: depending on how they are prepared, they are fried and unheated. Roasted brick: they are made of clay without limestone, manually and mechanically. After drying, hand washing is baked in rolls and machines in conventional ovens.
From the table, you can easily determine exactly what thickness the masonry has according to one or another pattern. For example, a wall, laid out in 1.5 bricks, has a width of 38 cm, and in 2.5 bricks - 64 cm. And small discrepancies in numbers from those indicators that should be a multiple of 12 are due to the fact that concrete is provided between several layers of building blocks cement layer.
They remain better in weather than external walls. Clinkers - made of specially selected clay, baked at the melting border, withstand high pressure, for exterior decoration and sidewalks. Hollow bricks are processed, and cavities reduce the weight of the brickwork and increase heat and sound insulation and are used as hollow bodies for the floor. Manly bricks are made of clay. Baking leads to pores that reduce bulk density and increase insulating properties. Lattice bricks - in normal and double format, perforated holes - square or round, which reduce bulk density.
But there is also a minimum wall thickness in a brick house, established by modern standards for stone and reinforced stone structures - with an object height of 3 floors, the width of the brickwork should be at least 120-150 mm.
Standard brick wall thickness
A mesh of porous mesh made from a mixture of pearlescent. They are much lighter than those listed so far. Fire-resistant refractory clay, chamotte flour and quartz sand, for the construction of walls exposed to high temperatures - chimneys, hearths. Unfinished bricks are legendary material from ancient times. Types depending on the material and method of preparation: Handmade from clay with chaff, chaff has the role of an anchor, drying in the open air, for utility buildings. Silicate bricks - made of dense lime and quartz sand - have high compressive strength.
What wall thickness is the most economically feasible?
According to many professional builders, a brick wall width of more than 38 cm is not economically feasible. Brick in itself is a very durable material, and therefore, to strengthen the structure and improve its thermal insulation properties, it is sometimes more beneficial to use some other additional measures than to increase the wall thickness. A heavy structure will only increase the load on the foundation. As a result, it turns out that the construction budget will increase significantly, since it will be necessary to strengthen the basis of the building.
Ground brick - from pressing compressed slag and cement. Requirements for the manufacture of brick walls: masonry is carried out in horizontal brick rows. A long brick line - when bricks of one row lay with the long side on the wall; transverse - when placed perpendicular to the length of the wall. The interfaces between the individual bricks are called joints, which can be horizontal and vertical. The thickness of the brickwork depends on the size of the load and insulation. Marked in centimeters or in bricks.
Basic rules in practice: Bricks must be moist so that they do not absorb moisture from the solution before chemical bonding. Each row is completely horizontal, vertical joints from two lying rows one above the other do not meet, but do not fill the joints completely with a solution to make the plaster better. Use mainly bricks and pieces only if necessary for dressings. Longitudinal rows vary in the corners with the transverse and vice versa. Types of bricks: longitudinal laying of thin walls.
The wall thickness of 2 bricks or more is rather big, therefore such a masonry scheme is used mainly for the construction of large industrial facilities, where it is extremely important to give the building maximum strength.
And in order to increase heat engineering and insulation of brick buildings, today the following methods are used:
Cross-laying with a thickness of 1 brick. Block - for walls 1 brick thick. Wooden wall structures - internal and external walls are made of round wood or beads, which intersect at the corners by "cutting", the surfaces that must be adhered to each other are expressed in advance.
Advantages: - very good fire resistance, practically non-combustible - good sound insulator for airborne noise. - Very good thermal insulation - Relatively low price - Build quickly Disadvantages: - Takes a lot of moisture, water - Easy to break. Floors and floor coverings - their goal is to create objects for indoor and outdoor use for various purposes. Depending on the material from which they are made, they are divided into wooden, massive and elastic. Wooden floors are used in rooms that are not susceptible to weathering and where there is no moisture.
- Installation of a ventilated facade using siding, lumber or special panels.
- Wall insulation with simple cladding materials or applying a layer of plaster.
- To reduce the cost of building an individual house, lightweight block masonry is often used - like a well. This implies the construction of 2 walls at a small distance from each other. At the same time, the wall thickness in half a brick is 12 cm, and the layer between 2 such walls will serve as a heat insulator. The diaphragms between the structures at the same time provide the building with the strength required by standards. The resulting cavity is filled with a specific heat insulator, for example, expanded clay or foam concrete.
- Thermal insulation of the inner side of the wall. At the same time, the insulation is necessarily closed by a vapor barrier.
The thickness of the internal brick walls
Partitions inside the structure are designed to divide the entire area into separate rooms, sound and heat insulate the room. The optimal thickness of the internal walls of brick is 12 cm, i.e. here, as a rule, masonry in half a brick is used. Walls of this size are enough for a comfortable stay here.
They can be laid on wooden gravel or on solid floor structures. They are common and parquet floors. Ordinary wooden floors - from treated or untreated boards, depending on their purpose. They spread on unfinished boards and wooden floors. Unfinished plank floors - for attics, temporary buildings and floor coverings. They are processed on the “tooth” and “glued” and glued to beams or beams. the board is placed approximately 1, 5 cm from the plaster, referring to it with the help of a "tooth".
After finishing the floors, the edges between the individual boards are smooth, and the seams between the wooden floor and the plaster are covered with ledges. The purpose of these compounds is to allow the asphalt to shrink and swell. When the flooring is made on concrete floors, a drainage layer of gravel is placed under it to prevent it from fading away. Parquet floor - made on wooden or solid floor structures. Separate boards of which the parquet is made must be made of solid oak, beech and others. The sidewalk is 18 mm thick.
It is often a practice when brick blocks are laid “on the edge”. So you can get a whiter thin partition - 6.5 cm. At the same time, you can save a little consumables. True, the heat and sound insulation of the rooms will leave much better.
To reduce the mechanical stresses on a wall 12 cm wide, porous or hollow silicate blocks are usually used. In the future, the walls are additionally insulated to improve their technical characteristics.
Parquet floors are built mechanically from above and below and are profiled into a “tooth” and a “bottom” on one of the long and one of the short sides of the parquet. Parquet floors are forged or glued to well-aligned flooring. The location of individual parquet floors is carried out on the "fish bone", strollers, stripes and others. In addition, parquet flooring and luxurious flooring pre-installed on square panels are used. Massive flooring: Be sure to stack on solid floor structures, concrete floors and concrete slabs.
They are thrown into mosquitoes and mosaics. Cement screeds have a poorly decorative effect and are used to cover floors in secondary rooms, such as waterproofing with additives for waterproofing, floors under other coatings, etc. seals are laid on a well-cleaned and moistened surface of the structure. They are applied in only one layer, well aligned with the masters, then smoothed. For large rooms, screeds with solid, hard sand or metal filings added to the mortar are used.
Exterior Brick Wall Thickness
The minimum thickness of the external walls of brick, at which they will serve as a solid support and insulate the internal premises - 25 cm.
If you build a brick house with insufficient thickness of the external wall structures, in winter at lower temperatures the walls will begin to get wet. In this case, you will either have to additionally insulate the structure, or thicken it. Both that, and another option involves extra financial costs.
A few days after installation, they should be protected from direct sunlight to prevent hacking. It is advisable to water with water as soon as the solution begins to harden. Depending on the purpose, the cement screed is curved, glossy and granular. Fart - smells like a splash, like spraying with water. It has a fine-grained surface. Glossy - the face is smooth with a spatula, adding cement and water. It has a smooth surface and is used for waterproofing and floors in rooms that must be thoroughly cleaned.
Granularity - the upper surface of the rolled product with profiled steel rollers that make it a rough surface. For ramps, garages and other cases where there is a risk of slipping. Mosaics: they are mainly made indoors. They fit in two layers: mustard and mosaic. Apply to a pre-cleaned and moistened concrete base, align well with the mast and roll. The mosaic layer is precisely smoothed with a spatula. Corn is cut after a layer of corn sticks together well.
The thickness of the bearing brick walls
The purpose of the load-bearing walls is to bear the brunt of the roof, partitions and all upper floors. Naturally, they should be much stronger than other walls. The minimum thickness of the brick supporting wall is 38 cm.
Some internal partitions in a residential building are also load-bearing. In this case, laying in 1 brick will be sufficient when the wall thickness is 25 cm. Such a design will be able to withstand any loads from the roof and floors, without deforming and without cracking.
For more representative objects, puzzle polishing can continue. When preparing the mosaic layer, white cement of different sizes and colored pebbles can be used. Various shapes have been made, which provide great opportunities for diversification of the visible surface of the mosaic. Depending on the top layer and materials used, mosaics are created with various effects - ordinary, Venetian and Luchar. Stones of different sizes are used. Made of ordinary cement has little decorative effect and is used in secondary rooms.
The only exception when the internal load-bearing wall should be more than 25 cm is the joining of floor slabs. Here, under the influence of external conditions, deformations will form that can lead to the collapse of the building.
How to calculate the consumption of material in the construction of brick walls of various thicknesses?
The first question that is decided by the designer of the construction object is what optimal thickness of the brick wall is needed in a particular case. Choosing the suitable masonry option, the specialist takes into account:
- Type, brand and dimensions of bricks.
- Weather conditions in the region.
- The loads that will fall on the walls.
The permissible wall thickness in a building erected in a cold region is 25 cm. This is a wall thickness of 1 brick. But without using an additional layer of insulation, the width of the outer wall will have to be increased to 38 or 51 cm.
Standard sizes of ordinary bricks: length - 250 mm, width - 120 mm, height - 65 mm. Calculations will be carried out on the example of a building with walls of 4 m and 3 m, 3 m high. The standard wall thickness in a brick house will be 25 cm.
Knowing the basic geometric dimensions of the walls, first we calculate the total surface area to be erected:
4 * 3 + 3 * 3 + 4 * 3 + 3 * 3 \u003d 42 m 2
And now we find the area of \u200b\u200b1 brick block. Since we carry out laying in 1 brick, this parameter is calculated by multiplying the width by the height of the block:
0.12 * 0.065 \u003d 0.0078 m 2.
To determine the amount of material for the construction of walls, their total area should be divided by the area of \u200b\u200b1 block and multiplied by the number of masonry:
42 / 0.0078 * 1≈5385 pcs.
Knowing that the weight of 1 m 3 of brick is about 1800 kg, you can easily calculate the number of bricks that will be required for the construction of a particular construction object:
5385 / 1800≈3 m3
So, the thickness of the brick wall according to GOST, depending on the climatic conditions of the region and the type of building, can be different. But having in stock a drawing worked out by experts with the main dimensions of the walls and the masonry scheme, you can calculate the consumption of the main material yourself. This will help to significantly save costs in the process, since you can immediately purchase brick blocks in the required quantity, avoiding excess material.
Brick is one of the oldest inventions of mankind. Water, sun and clay, combined with the enthusiasm of the first masters, created an artificial stone of amazing strength, reliability and durability.
For centuries, brick structures such as the Moscow Kremlin, the Winter and Smolny palaces, and the Peter and Paul Fortress survived. But they accounted for military hardships, and frosts, and floods and fires. But to this day there is no need to restore their brickwork.
Today, when the market is crowded with construction miracles, brick is still in fashion, as before, it is number one building material. Its excellent bearing capacity allows it to withstand the walls of overload created by concrete, reinforced concrete, wooden floors of multi-storey structures.
At the same time, brick is inferior to many wall materials in terms of heat and sound protection. For example, when outside the window it is -30 ° (and this is not uncommon in Russia), the thickness of the outer walls of solid brick should be 64 cm. Whereas under the same climatic conditions, the thickness of the cobblestone walls is sufficient - 18 cm.
As you know, the thickness of masonry is measured by the number of bricks laid along the thickness of the wall, and is a multiple of the standard brick parameters (6.5 x 12 x 25). Masonry of 12 cm is called masonry in half a brick, in 25 cm - in one brick, 38 cm - in one and a half bricks, 51 cm - in two bricks, 64 cm - in two and a half.
However, the thickening of the brick walls significantly increases the load on the base of the building, which the construction budget cannot but suffer from. How to increase the thermal conductivity and insulating qualities of masonry without resorting to excessive weighting? What should be the thickness of a brick wall? Experts say that her choice depends on the purpose and location of the wall.
Internal partition of the building
However, this is not enough for good sound insulation. To prevent extraneous sounds from entering the house, you should resort to one of three methods:
- increase the thickness of the masonry;
- apply additional material with sound-absorbing properties;
- use the “on edge” masonry when the brick is laid on the edge, thereby achieving a wall thickness of about 7 cm. If the length of the thin partition exceeds one and a half meters, it should be reinforced with reinforced wire.
Internal load-bearing wall
The thickness of the internal load-bearing wall of the house is 25 cm, or one solid brick, can withstand any kind of load from the roof, floors and other structures. An exception to this rule is a brick wall on which floor slabs join. In this case, single-brick masonry is unlikely to be enough.
External load-bearing wall
An external wall with a thickness of 25 cm will completely cope with the supporting mission. However, a full-bodied brick cannot cope with the conservation of heat without additional insulation. Otherwise, in winter, at low subzero temperatures, the walls begin to get wet.
The increase in wall thickness to 64 cm, as already mentioned, is expensive in all respects.
The use of hollow bricks in the masonry will optimize the situation. Laying is necessary with the formation of wells, voids and widened seams. In this case, the thickness of the brick wall will be reduced to 51 cm due to voids. With their help, its heat-conducting properties will also slightly decrease.
To achieve 100% thermal insulation, you can not do without wall insulation. It should be borne in mind that specialists do not advise insulating a brick wall from the inside of the room. This is done either outside or inside the wall.
The recommended thickness of the brick wall in this case and the type of insulation depend on the region of residence. The external wall can be insulated with light concrete mixture, expanded clay, expanded polystyrene, slag. In addition to effective heaters, warm solutions should be used - both masonry and plaster.
The result is a dense "three-layer cake", where:
- layer number 1 - the outer part of the wall is half a brick thick, that is, 12 cm;
- layer number 2 - insulation of the appropriate type and thickness;
- layer number 3 - the inner part of the wall of blocks or bricks 25 cm thick (to ensure load-bearing capacity).
This method of building a brick wall contains three benefits at once:
- reduction in material costs;
- reduction of pressure on the foundation;
- expanding the space of the living room by reducing the thickness of the walls.
Building's facade
Facade insulation will also help to increase the insulation and heat engineering of the brick structure. You can achieve this in the following ways:
- conventional insulation of the facade, followed by its cladding or plastering;
- arrangement of a ventilated facade using siding, lumber, heat-insulating panels, plaster, facing brick.
Having listened to the advice of specialists, you will build a brick house for neighbors for a sight for sore eyes and yourself for joy. It will not resemble a massive pile of brick. But at the same time it will become a reliable fortress for you - warm, calm, comfortable. In this house-fortress it will be possible to live, not to grieve for several decades or even longer.